Researchers Jong and Jordan propose that several ancient civilizations world-wide were familiar with the high-tech melting of stone technology. The artifact - thought to be a 2,year-old electric battery - was found in by railroad workers in the area of Tel Khujut Rabu, south of Baghdad.
Ancient Greek Teaching Resources from Memrise. Ancient Greek Tutorials by Donald J. From ocean-going robots to virtual reality reconstructions of ancient cities, new tools and techniques are transforming archaeology. From radiocarbon dating in the s to remote sensing techniques in the s, archaeologists have long been early adopters of futuristic technologies — and this is still Ancient cultures employed sport in a variety of social contexts.
Sport served as an element of ceremonial performance, as a And what were the conditions of sport participation by boys and girls in ancient Rome? Join Taylor Hicks. Sign Up or Sign In. Powered by. Badges Report an Issue Terms of Service. Join Sign In Email Updates. A very readable account about the development of human technology By James Hoogerwerf In tracing the evolution of the most important agrarian, architectural, military, and naval technologies, "Technology in the Ancient World" is of interest to the historian or lay reader.
Following a chronological timeline, the book's chapters are dedicated to broad periods corresponding to man's evolution from primitive beings through the complex Greco and Roman civilizations. While Hodges' focus is on the Middle East and Mediterranean areas, for purposes of comparison, his final chapter briefly summarizes technologies in ancient India, Europe, China and the New World.
Hodges is careful to note that the record from the earliest time is incomplete and open to interpretation. A completely objective account of the development of early technology is therefore difficult, if not impossible. In addition, to more fully understand the evolution of technological processes, he argues that something of the environment in which man was living at each stage must be known in order to understand the step by step evolution of technologies.
Because the Near East and eastern Mediterranean combined favorable topography, a moderate climate, with a diversity of natural resources, this most likely explains why the region was the locus of major technological innovations. Early man, before B. At this stage, naturally occurring materials were altered mechanically, but not chemically. From B. As farming spread to the river valleys, systems of agriculture developed in the Nile and Euphrates valleys.
Most importantly, the plow was responsible for the rise in population of Mesopotamian and Egyptian cities. The need for record keeping in city affairs led to cuneiform writing on clay tablets in the Near East, while Egypt developed pictograms, later hieroglyphs, recorded on papyrus. The period from B. Comprehensible written records found in Mesopotamia, in the Kingdoms of Sumer and Akkadia, and complex tomb paintings in Egypt provided the basis for this interpretation.
Improved building materials led to the arch and pyramid. Other advances in boats, plows, furniture, and brewing materialized. Measuring, mathematics, and a system of weights were also devised. Neither Mesopotamia nor Egypt placed any emphasis on building roads or bridges.
For transportation new more seaworthy vessels, propelled by oars or sails, increased their usefulness. The knowledge of iron working was slow to spread, possibly due to the monopoly of the Hittites. Glass technology improved with the addition of lead which permitted glazing. The lost wax casting method allowed more intricate designs.
After B. Assyria and Babylon assimilated older technologies from their neighbors and Assyria devised siege towers on wheels that incorporated battering rams to break down walls.
Assyrian chariots were made more rugged with larger wheels and more spokes. By about B. The potter's wheel was larger, thus more steady, raised in height, and turned by an assistant. The clay surface was shaved; a techniques which produced a much finer surface.
Navigation Thales , maps and the sundial Anaximander , the lathe Theodorus of Samos , welding Glaukos , all were advanced by the Greeks. The conflict between the Greeks and Persians led to the development of Greek triremes which they used to defeat the Persians at sea. The period of B. He argues, "virtually no new material was to be exploited for the next thousand years and that no really novel method of production was to be introduced.
Historians attribute this falling off of the rate of technological innovation to the use of slaves. Intelligent men spent their time inventing machines, but did not apply them to provide new sources of power or to make industry more efficient.
The Romans adopted ideas from elsewhere and provided an administrative framework with which to use them. Whether this technological failure was ultimately the reason for the fall of the Roman Empire is an open question.
0コメント